LIST OF GALAXIES AND OTHER INFORMATION
List of galaxies
| Galaxy | Constellation | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| M82 | Ursa Major | Also called the Cigar Galaxy. This is the prototype starburst galaxy. |
| M87 | Virgo | This is the central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster, the central cluster of the Local Super cluster. |
| M102 | Draco (Ursa Major) | This galaxy cannot be definitively identified, with the most likely candidate being NGC 5866, and a good chance of it being a misidentification of M101. Other candidates have also been suggested. |
| NGC 2770 | Lynx | NGC 2770 is referred to as the Supernova Factory due to three recent supernovae occurring within it. |
| NGC 3314
| Hydra | This is a pair of spiral galaxies, one superimposed on another, at two separate and distinct ranges, and unrelated to each other. It is a rare chance visual alignment. |
| ESO 137-001 | Triangulum Australe | Lying in the galaxy cluster Abell 3627, this galaxy is being stripped of its gas by the pressure of the intracluster medium (ICM), due to its high speed traversal through the cluster, and is leaving a high density tail with large amounts of star formation. The tail features the largest amount of star formation outside of a galaxy seen so far. The galaxy has the appearance of a comet, with the head being the galaxy, and a tail of gas and stars.[2][3][4][5] |
| Comet Galaxy | Sculptor | Lying in galaxy cluster Abell 2667, this spiral galaxy is being tidally stripped of stars and gas through its high speed traversal through the cluster, having the appearance of a comet. |
List of named galaxies
This is a list of galaxies that are well known by something other than an entry in a catalog or list, or a set of coordinates, or a systematic designation.
| Galaxy | Constellation | Origin of name | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Milky Way Galaxy | Sagittarius(centre) | This is the galaxy that contains Earth, it is named after the nebulosity in the night sky that marks the densest concentration of stars of our galaxy in the sky, which appears to blur together into a faint glow, called the Milky Way. | |
| Andromeda | Andromeda | Commonly just Andromeda, this, called the Andromeda Galaxy, Andromeda Nebula, Great Andromeda Nebula, Andromeda Spiral Nebula, and such, has been traditionally called Andromeda, after the constellation in which it lies. | |
| Bode's Galaxy | Ursa Major | Named for Johann Elert Bode who discovered this galaxy in 1774. | |
| Cartwheel Galaxy | Sculptor | Its visual appearance is similar to that of a spoked cartwheel. | |
| Cigar Galaxy | Ursa Major | Appears similar in shape to a cigar. | |
| Comet Galaxy | Sculptor | This galaxy is named after its unusual appearance, looking like a comet. | The comet effect is caused by tidal stripping by its galaxy cluster,Abell 2667. |
| Hoag's Object | Serpens Caput | This is named after Art Hoag, who discovered this ring galaxy. | It is of the subtype Hoag-type galaxy, and may in fact be a polar-ring galaxy with the ring in the plane of rotation of the central object. |
| Large Magellanic Cloud | Dorado/Mensa | Named after Ferdinand Magellan | This is the fourth largest galaxy in the Local Group, and forms a pair with the SMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all. |
| Small Magellanic Cloud | Tucana | Named after Ferdinand Magellan | This forms a pair with the LMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all. |
| Mayall's Object | Ursa Major | This is named after Nicholas U. Mayall, of the Lick Observatory, who discovered it.[6][7][8] | Also called VV 32 and Arp 148, this is a very peculiar looking object, and is likely to be not one galaxy, but two galaxies undergoing a collision. Event in images is a spindle shape and a ring shape. |
| Pinwheel Galaxy | Ursa Major | Similar in appearance to a pinwheel (toy). | |
| Sombrero Galaxy | Virgo | Similar in appearance to a sombrero. | |
| Sunflower Galaxy | Canes Venatici | ||
| Tadpole Galaxy | Draco | The name comes from the resemblance of the galaxy to a tadpole. | This shape resulted from tidal interaction that drew out a long tidal tail. |
| Whirlpool Galaxy | Canes Venatici | From the whirlpool appearance this gravitationally disturbed galaxy exhibits. |
List of naked-eye galaxies
This is a list of galaxies that are visible to the naked-eye, for at the very least, keen-eyed observers in a very dark-sky environment that is high in altitude, during clear and stable weather.
| Galaxy | Apparent Magnitude | Distance | Constellation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milky Way Galaxy | -26.74 (theSun) | 0 | Sagittarius(centre) | This is our galaxy, most things visible to the naked-eye in the sky are part of it, including the Milky Way composing the Zone of Avoidance. |
| Large Magellanic Cloud | 0.9 | 160 kly (50 kpc) | Dorado/Mensa | Visible only from the southern hemisphere. It is also the brightest patch of nebulosity in the sky. |
| Small Magellanic Cloud (NGC292) | 2.7 | 200 kly (60 kpc) | Tucana | Visible only from the southern hemisphere. |
| Andromeda Galaxy(M31, NGC224) | 3.4 | 2.5 Mly (780 kpc) | Andromeda | Once called the Great Andromeda Nebula, it is situated in the Andromeda constellation. |
| Omega Centauri(NGC5139) | 3.7 | 18 kly (5.5 kpc) | Centaurus | Once thought to be a star and later a globular cluster, Omega Centauri was confirmed as having a black hole at its center and thus its status has been changed to being a dwarf galaxy as of April 2010. |
| Triangulum Galaxy(M33, NGC598) | 5.7 | 2.9 Mly (900 kpc) | Triangulum | Being a diffuse object, its visibility is strongly affected by even small amounts of light pollution, ranging from easily visible in direct vision in truly dark skies to a difficult averted vision object in rural/suburban skies. |
| Centaurus A (NGC 5128) | 7.8 | 13.7 ± 0.9 Mly (4.2 ± 0.3 Mpc) | Centaurus | Centaurus A has been spotted with the naked eye by Stephen James O'Meara |
| Bode's Galaxy(M81, NGC3031) | 7.89 | 12 Mly (3.6 Mpc) | Ursa Major | Highly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions. |
| Sculptor Galaxy(NGC 253) | 8.0 | 11.4 ± 0.7 Mly (3.5 ± 0.2 Mpc) | Sculptor | According to Brian A. Skiff, the naked-eye visibility of this galaxy is discussed in an old Sky & Telescope letter or note from the late 1960s or early 1970s. |
| Messier 83 (NGC 5236) | 8.2 | 14.7 Mly (4.5 Mpc) | Hydra | M83 has reportedly been seen with the naked eye. |
- Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy is not listed, because it is not discernible as being a separate galaxy in the sky.
Firsts
| First | Galaxy | Constellation | Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First galaxy | Milky Way Galaxy &Andromeda Galaxy | Sagittarius(centre) &Andromeda | 1923 | Edwin Hubble determined the distance to the Andromeda Nebula, and found that it could not be part of the Milky Way, so defining that Milky Way was not the entire universe, and making the two separate objects, and two galaxies. However, the first galaxies seen would be all of the naked-eye galaxies, but they were not identified as such until the 20th century. |
| First radio galaxy | Cygnus A | Cygnus | 1952 | Of several items, then called radio stars, Cygnus A was identified with a distant galaxy, being the first of many radio stars to become a radio galaxy. |
| First quasar | 3C273 3C48 | Virgo Triangulum | 1962 1960 | 3C273 was the first quasar with its redshift determined, and by some considered the first quasar. 3C48 was the first "radio-star" with an unreadable spectrum, and by others considered the first quasar. |
| First Seyfert galaxy | NGC 1068(M77) | Cetus | 1908 | The characteristics of Seyfert galaxies were first observed in M77 in 1908, however, Seyferts were defined as a class in 1943. |
| First low surface brightness galaxy | Malin 1 | Coma Berenices | 1986 | Malin 1 was the first verified LSB galaxy. LSB galaxies had been first theorized in 1976. |
| First radio galaxy | Cygnus A | Cygnus | 1951 | |
| First discovered object, later identified to be a cannibalized galaxy | Omega Centauri | Centaurus | Omega Centauri is considered the core of a disrupted dwarf spheroidal galaxy cannibalized by the Milky Way, and was originally catalogued in 1677 as a nebula. It is currently catalogued as a globular cluster. | |
| First superluminal galactic jet | 3C279 | Virgo | 1971 | The jet is emitted by a quasar |
| First superluminal jet from a Seyfert | III Zw 2 | Pisces[26] | 2000 | |
| First spiral galaxy | Whirlpool Galaxy | Canes Venatici | 1845 | Lord William Parsons, Earl of Rosse discovered the first spiral nebula from observing the M51 white nebula.[28] |
Prototypes
This is a list of galaxies that became prototypes for a class of galaxies.
| Class | Galaxy | Constellation | Date | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BL Lac object | BL Lacertae (BL Lac) | Lacerta | This AGN was originally catalogued as a variable star, and "stars" of its type are considered BL Lac objects. | |
| Hoag-type Galaxy | Hoag's Object | Serpens Caput | This is the prototype Hoag-type Ring Galaxy | |
| Giant LSB galaxy | Malin 1 | Coma Berenices | 1986 | |
| FR II radio galaxy (double-lobed radio galaxy) | Cygnus A | Cygnus | 1951 |
Extremes
| Title | Galaxy | Data | Constellation | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Least separation between binary central black holes | 4C 37.11 | 24 ly (7.3 pc) | Perseus | OJ 287 has an inferred pair with a 12-year orbital period, and thus would be much closer than 4C 37.11's pair. |
[edit]Distances
| Title | Galaxy | Constellation | Distance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Closest neighbouring galaxy | Canis Major Dwarf | Canis Major | 0.025 Mly | Discovered in 2003, a satellite of the Milky Way, slowly being cannibalized by it. |
| Most distant galaxy | UDFj-39546284 | Fornax | z≃11.9(?) | With an estimated distance of about 13.2 billion light-years (comoving distance), it is announced as the oldest and farthest astronomical object known. In late 2012, the distance was revised from z=10.3 to 11.9 |
| Closest quasar | 3C 273 | Virgo | z=0.158 | First identified quasar, this is the most commonly accepted nearest quasar. |
| Most distant quasar | CFHQS J2329-0301 | Pisces | z=6.43 | Discovered in 2007. |
| Closest radio galaxy | Centaurus A (NGC 5128, PKS 1322-427) | Centaurus | 13.7 Mly | |
| Most distant radio galaxy | TN J0924-2201 | Hydra | z=5.2 | |
| Closest Seyfert galaxy | Circinus Galaxy | Circinus | 13 Mly | This is also the closest Seyfert 2 galaxy. The closest Seyfert 1 galaxy is NGC 4151. |
| Most distant Seyfert galaxy | z= | |||
| Closest blazar | Markarian 421 (Mrk 421, Mkn 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452) | Ursa Major | z=0.030 | This is a BL Lac object. |
| Most distant blazar | Q0906+6930 | Ursa Major | z=5.47 | This is a flat spectrum radio-loud quasar type blazar. |
| Closest BL Lac object | Markarian 421 (Mkn 421, Mrk 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452) | Ursa Major | z=0.030 | |
| Most distant BL Lac object | z= | |||
| Closest LINER | ||||
| Most distant LINER | z= | |||
| Closest LIRG | ||||
| Most distant LIRG | z= | |||
| Closest ULIRG | IC 1127 (Arp 220, APG 220) | Serpens Caput | z=0.018 | |
| Most distant ULIRG | z= | |||
| Closest starburst galaxy | Cigar Galaxy (M82, Arp 337/APG 337, 3C 231, Ursa Major A) | Ursa Major | 3.2 Mpc | |
| Most distant starburst galaxy | z= |
Brightness and power
| Title | Galaxy | Data | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Apparently brightest galaxy | Baby Boom Galaxy | [verification needed] | Starburst galaxy located in the very distant universe. |
| Apparently faintest galaxy | Apparent magnitude | ||
| Intrinsically brightest galaxy | Absolute magnitude | Markarian 231 is the most luminous nearby galaxy (~590 Mly; apmag 13.8). | |
| Intrinsically faintest galaxy | Boötes Dwarf Galaxy (Boo dSph) | Absolute magnitude -6.75 | This does not include dark galaxies. |
| Highest surface brightness galaxy | |||
| Lowest surface brightness galaxy | Andromeda IX | ||
| Visually brightest galaxy | Large Magellanic Cloud | Apparent magnitude 0.6 | This galaxy has high surface brightness combined with high apparent brightness. |
| Visually faintest galaxy | This galaxy has low surface brightness combined with low apparent brightness. |
Mass
| Title | Galaxy | Mass | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Least massive galaxy | Willman 1 | ~500,000 MSun | |
| Most massive galaxy | IC 1101 | 2000×1012 MSun | |
| Most massive spiral galaxy | ISOHDFS 27 | 1.04×1012 MSun | The preceding most massive spiral was UGC 12591 |
| Least massive galaxy with globular cluster(s) | Andromeda I |
Dimension
| Title | Galaxy | Size | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Most expansive galaxy | IC 1101 | 5–6 million light-years | |
| Least expansive galaxy | |||
| Visually largest galaxy | Large Magellanic Cloud | 650 × 550 arcmin | The LMC takes up more of the sky than any other galaxy, due to its nearness to us. NOTE: The Milky Way Galaxy, our galaxy, cannot be measured, as we reside inside it. However, if only counting the Milky Way, that bright path in the sky, it would be by far the largest. |
| Visually smallest galaxy | Many distant galaxies are unresolvable, and cannot have their angular size determined. PLEASE GIVE COMMENT. | ||
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